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Money2069

Minuto

Self-Issued Time Voucher Currency·active·Germany, Austria, Switzerland

Minuto is a paper voucher currency used in German-speaking regions. Anyone can create Minutos: print a voucher, write in how much work time it stands for, and get two people who know you to sign it as guarantors. Sixty Minutos stand for one hour of qualitative work. Each voucher expires at the end of the fifth year after it is made, so the stock only lasts as long as people keep working for it. There is no issuing body, no bank and no ledger. Konstantin Kirsch published the design in 2009 and regional groups have used it since.

3.6
Substantially aligned
Monetary Sovereignty
3.7
Civilizational Durability
3.3
Universal Adoption
3.7
Rated 2d ago
M69 Verdict

The purest debt-free issuance design in the catalogue: every person is their own issuer, every unit is backed by measured work time, and expiry retires supply without anyone deciding. Sovereignty and inclusivity are near maximal because the system is paper and social trust with no operator. Traction is the weak leg and the honest gap in the evidence, no user or merchant count exists and verified current activity is a few regional groups. Sits beside Fureai Kippu (3.5) on design, far behind it on scale, ahead of Freicoin (2.7) which shares the demurrage idea but lost its users.

M69 Score

M69 Alignment3.6
Substantially aligned
1.02.03.04.05.0
12345Iss Mod 3xStability 2xFia Ind & Int 2xTraction 2xSovereigntyGovernanceResilienceInclusivity
Monetary Sovereignty3.7
Issuance (3x) + Stability (2x) + Fiat Indep. (2x)
Civilizational Durability3.3
Sovereignty + Governance + Resilience
Universal Adoption3.7
Traction (2x) + Inclusivity
Iss Mod3x
4.0
Stability2x
3.0
Fia Ind & Int2x
4.0
Traction2x
3.0
Sovereignty
4.0
Governance
3.0
Resilience
3.0
Inclusivity
5.0

Scored against the Money2069 Manifestosee methodology. Higher = more aligned.

Detailed Rating Breakdown

Issuance Model3x
4.0

IM-01 5: fully permissionless, every holder is their own issuer and needs only two guarantors. IM-02 4: a voucher is a claim on the issuer's own work, never an interest-bearing loan and never bank credit. IM-03 5: one voucher is one measured amount of work time, the tightest possible link to real activity. IM-04 3: no cap, but the guarantor requirement and social limits bound issuance in practice. IM-05 5: five-year expiry destroys supply automatically. Average 4.4.

Spending Power Stability2x
3.0

SPS-02 4: the benchmark is minutes of qualitative work, a real-economy anchor rather than a fiat peg. SPS-01 2: nothing targets stability, the unit is stable by definition instead of by mechanism. SPS-03 2 and SPS-04 2: no measurement and no published deviation record, and groups still quote a euro equivalent (about 30 euro an hour) in practice. SPS-05 3: expiry handles long-term drift. Weighted 2.8.

Fiat Independence & Interoperability2x
4.0

FI-01 4: the unit of account is a minute of work, defined without reference to any currency, though a euro rule of thumb is used for pricing. FI-02 5: no reserves at all, backing is the issuer's own labour. FI-03 5 and FI-04 5: no bank and no oracle anywhere in the design. FI-05 5: a currency collapse leaves Minuto untouched. FI-07 3 and FI-08 2: paper vouchers do not compose with other systems and there is no interoperability standard. Weighted 3.9.

Traction2x
3.0

TR-01 3: alive but small, minuto.org was rebuilt and translated into new languages through May 2026. TR-02 4: continuous since 2009. TR-03 2 and TR-04 2: no user or merchant count is published anywhere, verified activity is a handful of regional groups such as Minuto Ostalb in Aalen. TR-05 4: within a group, goods and services are priced in Minutos. TR-06 3: the inventor has stepped back, other people run the main site. TR-07 1 and TR-08 2: no institutional partners, coverage is niche. TR-09 5: entirely organic, nobody funds it. TR-10 2: flat. Weighted 2.7.

Sovereignty
4.0

SO-01 5 and SO-02 5: paper vouchers signed by neighbours, there is no server, company or association to shut down. SO-04 5: nobody holds anyone's money. SO-06 5: no third-party dependency of any kind. SO-07 5 and SO-08 5: hand-to-hand paper is uncensorable and leaves no record. SO-03 3: the practice sits under German and Austrian law, though no entity does. SO-09 3: the rules are enforced socially by the guarantor signatures, not by technology. Weighted 4.1.

Governance
3.0

GO-01 2 and GO-02 2: there is no decision-making body, which also means there is no process. GO-03 3: the rules and voucher templates are published openly. GO-04 4: nothing exists to capture. GO-07 3 and GO-08 4: the issuance rules are printed on the voucher itself and no one can change them for anybody else. Weighted 2.8.

Resilience
3.0

RE-02 5, RE-04 5 and RE-05 5: paper and two signatures, no infrastructure to fail and nothing to become obsolete. RE-08 4: works with no power and no network. RE-01 3: 17 years of continuity, no crisis test on record. RE-06 2: no mechanism for economic stress, a defaulting issuer is handled by the guarantors alone. RE-07 2: no funding and no maintainer of record. RE-09 1: no machine-readable form. Weighted 3.0.

Inclusivity
5.0

IN-01 4: anyone can join who can find two guarantors. IN-02 5: the cost to start is a sheet of paper. IN-03 5: aimed at people without income, retired people and neighbourhood help. IN-04 5: the issuer keeps the full value of what they issue, so seigniorage goes to everyone. IN-05 5: identical rules for every participant. IN-06 5: no identity documents and no surveillance. IN-07 4: expiry stops long-term hoarding. Weighted 4.7.